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71.
In a change detection paradigm, a target object in a natural scene either rotated in depth, was replaced by another object token, or remained the same. Change detection performance was reliably higher when a target postcue allowed participants to restrict retrieval and comparison processes to the target object (Experiment 1). Change detection performance remained excellent when the target object was not attended at change (Experiment 2) and when a concurrent verbal working memory load minimized the possibility of verbal encoding. (Experiment 3). Together, these data demonstrate that visual representations accumulate in memory from attended objects as the eyes and attention are oriented within a scene and that change blindness derives, at least in part, from retrieval and comparison failure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
72.
During the winter of 1988/1989, the relationships between the prevalence of work-related health and indoor climate complaints and a number of building, management, workplace and personal characteristics have been investigated in a study in more than 60 office buildings located throughout the Netherlands. To collect the information, a questionnaire was prepared on health and indoor climate complaints and personal and workplace characteristics. A checklist was used to obtain information on building characteristics More than 7000 questionnaires were completed by the regular users of the buildings investigated. The results showed that the prevalence of symptoms was higher in air-conditioned buildings than in naturally or mechanically ventilated buildings. some other variables were also related with most work-related complaints after adjustment for selected management, personal, workplace and job characteristics. These included gender, work satisfaction in general, presence of allergies and/or respiratory symptoms, and personal control over temperature at the workplace. No differences were found in symptom prevalences between buildings with spray and steam humidification. The combination of air-conditioning and humidification did not lead to further increases in the prevalence of complaints as compared to buildings with only airconditioning or only humidification. 相似文献
73.
74.
Use of climate scenarios to aid in decision analysis for interannual water supply planning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This work addresses the issue of climate change in the context of water resource planning on the time scale of a few years.
Planning on this time scale generally ignores the role of climate change. However, where the climate of a region has already
shifted, the use of historical data for planning purposes may be misleading. In order to test this, a case study is conducted
for a region, the Australian Capital Territory, where long term drought is raising concerns of a possible climate shift. The
issue is cast in terms of a particular planning decision; the option to augment water supply in the next few years to hedge
against the drought persisting. A set of climate scenarios are constructed for the region corresponding to the historical
climate regime and to regimes where progressively greater levels of change are assumed to have already taken place (5%, 10%,
20% reductions in mean rainfall). Probabilities of the drought persisting are calculated for each of the scenarios. The results
show substantial increases in the probability of the drought persisting for even moderate reductions in mean rainfall. The
sensitivity of the decision to augment supply to the scenario results depends ultimately on the planners tolerable thresholds
for the probability of the drought persisting. The use of different scenarios enables planners to explore the sensitivity
of the decision in terms of their risk tolerance to ongoing drought and to their degree of belief in each of the scenarios
tested. 相似文献
75.
76.
The change in the internal energy during uniaxial tensile deformation of austenitic stainless steels EN 1.4301 (AISI 304) and EN 1.4318 (AISI 301LN) was determined by measuring the extent of γ→α'‐martensite transformation and the temperature increase of the samples. From the results the fraction of the stored energy of cold work and the free energy change related to the strain‐induced γ→α'‐martensite transformation were determined. The fraction of stored energy varied around 0.4. With the metastable steel grades the free energy change related to the γ→α'‐martensite transformation was found to vary between ‐98 MJ/m3 and ‐206 MJ/m3 depending on the austenite stability of the steel. Furthermore, the magnitude of the mechanical driving force was estimated by comparing the results with the free energy change of thermally induced transformation. 相似文献
77.
Phase-change thermal energy storage using spherical capsules: performance of a test plant 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J.P Bédécarrats F Strub B Falcon J.P Dumas 《International Journal of Refrigeration》1996,19(3):187-196
The aim of this paper is the study of an industrial process of energy storage usable for air conditioning or refrigeration, investigating a test plant which is a tank with a reduced size, filled with randomly dispersed commercial nodules, placed in a refrigeration loop. The nodules are spherical capsules in which phase change materials (PCM) are encapsulated. This test plant permits the study at length of the behaviour of the tank with, in particular, the charge mode taking into account the undercooling and the discharge mode. A simulation program that considers aspects of both the surrounding heat transfer fluid and the phase-change material packed inside the nodules is developed here in the cases of the charge and the discharge processes. The simulation results are then compared with experimental observations. 相似文献
78.
运城市地下水超采引起生态环境变迁及对策 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
文中通过对运城市地下水超采原因以及因此而引起的诸多方面生态环境问题进行了分析,提出了解决超采问题的对策。 相似文献
79.
Using airborne laser scanning to monitor tree migration in the boreal-alpine transition zone 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The boreal tree line is expected to advance upwards into the mountains and northwards into the tundra due to global warming. The major objective of this study was to find out if it is possible to use high-resolution airborne laser scanner data to detect very small trees — the pioneers that are pushing the tree line up into the mountains and out onto the tundra. The study was conducted in a sub-alpine/alpine environment in southeast Norway. A total of 342 small trees of Norway spruce, Scots pine, and downy birch with tree heights ranging from 0.11 to 5.20 m were precisely georeferenced and measured in field. Laser data were collected with a pulse density of 7.7 m− 2. Three different terrain models were used to process the airborne laser point cloud in order to assess the effects of different pre-processing parameters on small tree detection. Greater than 91% of all trees > 1 m tall registered positive laser height values regardless of terrain model. For smaller trees (< 1 m), positive height values were found in 5-73% of the cases, depending on the terrain model considered. For this group of trees, the highest rate of trees with positive height values was found for spruce. The more smoothed the terrain model was, the larger the portion of the trees that had positive laser height values. The accuracy of tree height derived from the laser data indicated a systematic underestimation of true tree height by 0.40 to 1.01 m. The standard deviation for the differences between laser-derived and field-measured tree heights was 0.11-0.73 m. Commission errors, i.e., the detection of terrain objects — rocks, hummocks — as trees, increased significantly as terrain smoothing increased. Thus, if no classification of objects into classes like small trees and terrain objects is possible, many non-tree objects with a positive height value cannot be separated from those actually being trees. In a monitoring context, i.e., repeated measurements over time, we argue that most other objects like terrain structures, rocks, and hummocks will remain stable over time while the trees will change as they grow and new trees are established. Thus, this study indicates that, given a high laser pulse density and a certain density of newly established trees, it would be possible to detect a sufficient portion of newly established trees over a 10 years period to claim that tree migration is taking place. 相似文献
80.
近45年元江干热河谷灌溉需水的变化趋势分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
基于元江、巍山及禄丰3个站1955~2000年的逐月气象数据及作物种植、农业耕作等资料,采用Mann-Kendall法和R/S分析法,研究了元江干热河谷近45年来的干湿变化及农业灌溉需水量转折变化趋势。结果表明:元江河谷的气温下降、降水量增多、湿度增大,导致ET0显著降低,干湿指数、水稻及农业综合灌溉需水定额都呈下降的趋势。元江河谷的气象因子转折变化集中在20世纪70年代初和80年代末,而农业综合灌溉需水定额的转折变化期则在90年代初与气象因子的第二个转折期基本相同。 相似文献